Understanding Cataract: Causes, Symptoms and Modern Treatment

Overview

Cataract is a painless, progressive clouding of the eye's natural lens. It is the single largest cause of reversible blindness worldwide and affects nearly every human who lives long enough. Fortunately, cataract is one of the most successfully treated conditions in all of medicine.

Symptoms

• ◆Gradual painless blurring of vision
• ◆Increased glare from headlights or sunlight
• ◆Colours appear dull or yellow
• ◆Frequent change in spectacle number
• ◆Difficulty reading in dim light
• ◆Double vision in one eye

Causes

• ◆Ageing (most common)
• ◆Diabetes mellitus
• ◆Long-term steroid use
• ◆Trauma to the eye
• ◆Prolonged UV exposure
• ◆Congenital or inherited

Risk factors

• ◆Age above 55
• ◆Diabetes
• ◆Smoking and alcohol
• ◆Family history
• ◆Previous eye surgery or injury

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is made by an ophthalmologist using a slit-lamp examination after dilating the pupil. Additional biometry (IOL Master) is performed once surgery is planned, to calculate the exact lens power required.

Treatment options

Spectacles help in early cataract but the only definitive treatment is Micro-Incision Cataract Surgery (MICS) with intraocular lens implantation. The procedure is stitch-less stitch-less and takes 10-15 minutes.

When to see a doctor

See an eye specialist as soon as blurred vision, glare or frequent number changes affect daily activities such as reading, driving or recognising faces.

Prevention

Cataract cannot be prevented but progression can be slowed by wearing UV-blocking sunglasses, controlling diabetes, avoiding smoking and eating a diet rich in green leafy vegetables.

Frequently Asked

References

• American Academy of Ophthalmology – Cataract Preferred Practice Pattern 2021
• All India Ophthalmological Society – Cataract Guidelines